musculoskeletal
Mason classification of radial head fractures
The classification of radial head fractures is based on the
- degree of displacement
- intra-articular involvement
as follows
- Mason type 1 - non-displaced to minimally displaced fracture (<2mm)
- Mason type 2 - intra-articular fracture with displacement >2 mm or angulation
- Mason type 3 - comminuted intra-articular fracture with displacement
Sternoclavicular joint injury - Allman classification
Posttraumatic instability of the sternoclavicular joint is a result of injury to the joint capsule, the sternoclavicular or costoclavicular ligament.
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| Grade I | sprain of the sternoclaviular joint without laxity and minimum pain |
| Grade II | rupture of the sternoclavicular ligaments without rupture of the costoclavicular ligament |
| Grade III |
Perilunate instability - Mayfield classification of carpal instability
Mayfield et al. described in 1980 the following four stages of progressive carpal instability.
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Stage I | scapholunate dissociation: dorsal dislocation of the proximal scaphoid pole in the radiocarpal joint (rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid) with disruption of the dorsal scapholunate ligament leads to widened scapholunate distance (Terry Tomas sign) on radiograph |
| Stage II |
Posterior dislocation of the hip - Thompson-Epstein classification
Thompson-Epstein classification describes five types of posterior hip dislocation defined by associated acetabular fracture or fracture of the femoral head as depicted on plain radiographs. In general, there are three types of dislocations in the hip joint:
- posterior: the femoral head is dislocated posteriorly, most commont type
- anterior: the femoral head is dislocated anteriorly
- central: impact of the femoral through the acetabular floor into the pelvis
Dislocation in acromioclavicular joint - Rockwood classification of AC dislocation
Rockwood classification divides dislocations in AC joint into six grades. It is an extension of the previous classification by Tossy et al. Normal width of AC joint is considered 1-3mm, widened AC joint has >7mm in men or >6mm in women.
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| Grade I | sprain of the acromioclavicular (AC) ligaments |
| Grade II | complete rupture of the AC ligaments |
| Grade III |
Dislocation in acromioclavicular joint - Tossy classification of AC dislocation
Tossy classification divides dislocations in AC joint into three grades. It was later extended by Rockwood et al. by another three types. Normal width of AC joint is considered 1-3mm, widened AC joint has >7mm in men or >6mm in women.
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| Grade I | no deformity visible on x-ray - strain and contusion of the AC joint |
| Grade II |
Lesion of labrum glenoidale - Snyder classification of labral lesions (SLAP)
The classification of lesions of labrum glenoidale was published by Snyder et al. and had originally four types. Later, several authors added descriptions of other labral lesions.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Type I | fraying |
| Type II | tear with biceps extension |
| Type III | bucket-handle tear with intact biceps |
| Type IV | bucket-handle tear with biceps extension |
Atlanto-occipital dislocation - types
Complete atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) can be divided into three distinct types.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Type I | ventral dislocation - the most common |
| Type II | axial dislocation - the most unstable |
| Type III | dorsal dislocation - rare |
References:
Shoulder impingement syndrome - Neer classification
Neer classification divides lesions of the rotator cuff into three stages that typically succeed in this order during one's life.
| Stage | Description | Age group |
|---|---|---|
| Stage I | actue inflammation, edema, hemorrhage in the rotator cuff | younger patients <25 years |
| Stage II | progression to fibrosis and tendinitis of the rotator cuff | usually between 25 and 40 years |
| Stage III |
Aseptic necrosis of femoral head - m. Perthes, lateral pillar classification by Herring
Herring classification was published in 1992 and it was based on observation of 86 patients treated by bracing.
| Group | Description |
|---|---|
| Group A | the height of the lateral pillar is maintained and no density changes can be identified |
| Group B | the lateral pillar is reduced between 50 nad 100% of original height |
| Group C | the lateral pillar is <50% of the original height |
