Welcome to Classifications and Online Calculators in Radiology

This site was build along with the Atlas of Radiology Images to support your knowledge in radiology.

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that are used in radiology and related fields with free access.

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    Fracture types of axis, C2 by Effendi, modified by Levine & Edwards

    The classification of fractures of axis was introduced by Effendi et al. and later modified by Lewine and Edwards. With further two types added (IA and IIA), the modified classification has five types.

    Type Description
    Type I fracture of the pedicles, intervertebral disc C2/3 is intact, dislocation ≤3mm without angulation
    Type IA fracture lines on each side are not parallel, fracture line may involve foramen transversarium on one side
    Type II fracture of the pedicles with dislocation >3mm and/or angulation, involvement of the intervertebral disc C2/3
    Type IIA oblique fracture - commonly anterior-inferior to posterior-superior with little subluxation but more angulation
    Type III type II and luxation of vertebral joints C2/3 - posterior arch is free floating

    References

    1. Li X-F, Dai L-Y, Lu H, Chen X-D. A systematic review of the management of hangman’s fractures. Eur Spine J. 2006 Mar;15(3):257–69.
    2. Greenberg MS. Handbook of Neurosurgery. Thieme; 2010:960
    3. Effendi B, Roy D, Cornish B, Dussault RG, Laurin CA. Fractures of the ring of the axis: a classification based on the analysis of 131 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63:319–327
    4. Levine AM, Edwards CC. The management of traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 Feb; 67(2):217-26
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