The classification of fractures of axis was introduced by Effendi et al. and later modified by Lewine and Edwards. With further two types added (IA and IIA), the modified classification has five types.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | fracture of the pedicles, intervertebral disc C2/3 is intact, dislocation ≤3mm without angulation |
Type IA | fracture lines on each side are not parallel, fracture line may involve foramen transversarium on one side |
The original Mason classification was devised in 1954 and comprised three types. The modified Mason classification of proximal radial fractures describes four basic types. It has value in both treatment decision and prognosis.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | undisplaced or minimally displaced, minimal joint involvement |
Type II | bone fragments separated by at least 2mm, the fragments may be rotated or angulated |
Type III |
Melone classification of distal intraarticular radial fractures was published in 1984. It is based on four main parts of the radius:
The original classification had four types, this modified classification has additional fifth group of severly comminuted fractures.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | undisplaced fracture with no or minimal comminution |
Type II |
Frykman classification of distal radial fractures describes eight types. It is based on the involvement of the radiocarpal and the distal radioulnar joints. Even types are based on odd types with additional fracture of the ulnar styloid process. However, this traditional classification has little impact on treatment decision or outcome, because it does not consider the extent or direction of displacement or shortening.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I |
Boyd and Knight classification of fractures of the body of talus divides them into two basic groups that can be further divided according to displacement.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I - Coronal or sagittal shear fracture | |
Type Ia | undisplaced |
Type Ib | displacement at ankle joint |
Type Ic | displacement at ankle and subtalar joint |
Type Id |
Neer's classification of proximal humerus fracture considers four major parts of the proximal humerus:
In the childhood, the four parts are separated by growth plates. A fragment is considered separate, when it is displaced by at least 1cm or angulated by 45 and more degrees. The basic division of fractures is based on the number of fragments: undisplaced (1-part), 2-part, 3-part, and 4-part fractures.
Bado classification of Monteggia fractures divides fractures of proximal ulna with accompanying dislocation of radial head into four types. Radial head usually dislocates in the same direction as the distal ulnar fragment.
Type | Subtype |
---|---|
I - Extension type | distal ulnar fragment is displaced anteriorly (extends) and radial head is dislocated anteriorly |
II - Flexion type |
Schatzker classification divides fractures of tibial plateau into six basic types.
Type | Subtype |
---|---|
Schatzker I | cleavage or wedge fracture of the lateral tibial plateau |
Schatzker II | lateral wedge fracture with articular surface depression |
Schatzker III | pure lateral articular surface depression without associated wedge fracture |
Schatzker IV |
Patellar fractures are classified into six basic typech. Each type can be either displaced or undisplaced.
Type | Subtype |
---|---|
Transverse |
|
Vertical | |
Lower pole (or upper pole) | |
Comminuted | |
Osteochondral |
The Young-Burgess classification system divides pelvic fracture by the direction of the force involved into three basic types - anteroposterior compression (APC), lateral compression (LC), and vertical shear (VC). First two types have three subgroups with increasing degree of severity of the injury
Type | Description |
---|---|
Anterioposterior compression (APC) | |
APC I | diastasis of symphysis <2.5cm |
APC II |