The classification of radial head fractures is based on the
as follows
Posttraumatic instability of the sternoclavicular joint is a result of injury to the joint capsule, the sternoclavicular or costoclavicular ligament.
Grade | Description |
---|---|
Grade I | sprain of the sternoclaviular joint without laxity and minimum pain |
Grade II | rupture of the sternoclavicular ligaments without rupture of the costoclavicular ligament |
Grade III |
Mayfield et al. described in 1980 the following four stages of progressive carpal instability.
Stage | Description |
---|---|
Stage I | scapholunate dissociation: dorsal dislocation of the proximal scaphoid pole in the radiocarpal joint (rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid) with disruption of the dorsal scapholunate ligament leads to widened scapholunate distance (Terry Tomas sign) on radiograph |
Stage II |
Thompson-Epstein classification describes five types of posterior hip dislocation defined by associated acetabular fracture or fracture of the femoral head as depicted on plain radiographs. In general, there are three types of dislocations in the hip joint:
Rockwood classification divides dislocations in AC joint into six grades. It is an extension of the previous classification by Tossy et al. Normal width of AC joint is considered 1-3mm, widened AC joint has >7mm in men or >6mm in women.
Grade | Description |
---|---|
Grade I | sprain of the acromioclavicular (AC) ligaments |
Grade II | complete rupture of the AC ligaments |
Grade III |
Tossy classification divides dislocations in AC joint into three grades. It was later extended by Rockwood et al. by another three types. Normal width of AC joint is considered 1-3mm, widened AC joint has >7mm in men or >6mm in women.
Grade | Description |
---|---|
Grade I | no deformity visible on x-ray - strain and contusion of the AC joint |
Grade II |
Complete atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) can be divided into three distinct types.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | ventral dislocation - the most common |
Type II | axial dislocation - the most unstable |
Type III | dorsal dislocation - rare |
Kerley lines are named after Peter J. Kerley, a British radiologist, who identified types of septal lines on chest radiographs in patients with congestive heart failure.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Kerley A lines | linear opacities usually 2 - 6 cm long radiating from the hila into the periphery, caused by distention of lymphatic channels between perivenous and peribronchovascular lymphatics |
Kerley B lines |
Neer classification divides lesions of the rotator cuff into three stages that typically succeed in this order during one's life.
Stage | Description | Age group |
---|---|---|
Stage I | actue inflammation, edema, hemorrhage in the rotator cuff | younger patients <25 years |
Stage II | progression to fibrosis and tendinitis of the rotator cuff | usually between 25 and 40 years |
Stage III |
Grading of joint osteoarthritis by Ahlbäck uses plain postero-anterior weight-bearing radiographs to assess the extent of degenerative disease as joint space narrowing and bone attrition.
Grade - Changes | Description |
---|---|
Grade I | joint space narrowing (<3mm) |
Grade II | joint space obliteration |
Grade III | minor bone attrition (0 - 5mm) |
Grade IV |