Garden classification is the most commonly used classification system for femoral neck fractures. It was devised in 1961 by a British orthopaedic surgeon, who divided them into four stages according to displacement of fragments. It is considered superior to Pauwels classification.
Stage | Description |
---|---|
Garden I | Incomplete fracture - usually impacted valgus fracture |
Garden II | Complete fracture - undisplaced |
Garden III |
Lauge-Hansen classification of ankle fractures is based on the mechanism of trauma. It describes position of the foot (supination or pronation) and the direction of the applied force (abduction, adduction, external rotation) at the time of the injury. Therefore, it uses two word description of its types. The five main groups can be subdivided into stages according to the degree of severity.
Type | Abbrev. | Weber equivalent |
---|---|---|
Supination-Adduction | SA | Weber A |
Danis-Weber classification, commony abbreviated as Weber classification of ankle fractures, divides distal fibular factures into three types according to the relation of the fracture line to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Weber A | below the tibiofibular syndesmosis |
Weber B | at the level of the tibiofibular syndesmosis |
Weber C |
Pipkin classification system divides fractures of the femoral head into four basic types according to relation of fracture line to the fovea capitis femoris and associated injury of the femoral neck or the acetabulum. It was first published in 1957.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | fracture line inferior to the fovea capitis femoris |
Type II | fracture line superior to the fovea capitis femoris |
Type III |
Ideberg classification of glenoid fractures has five basic types. It is based on evaluation of
338 glenoid fractures and was published in 1995.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type I | anterior glenoid rim fracture: avulsion fracture of the anterior glenoid rim IA: fragment size <=5mm IB: fragment size >5mm measured on the film |
Type II |
Milch classification system divides simple fractures of the lateral condyle into two basic types.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Milch type 1 | fracture line travels from the lateral metaphysis of the distal humerus and enters the trochleocapitellar groove |
Milch type 2 | fracture line travels from the lateral metaphysis of the distal humerus and enters the trochlea |
Gartland classification is used for classification of supracondylar fractures that are common in children. It divides them into three types according to displacement of fragments.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type 1 | Undisplaced of minimally displaced fracture |
Type 2 | Displaced distal fragment with dorsal angulation and intact posterior cortex |
Type 3 | Complete posterior displacement with no cortical contact |
Müller classification of distal humeral fracture is part of the AO scheme. This region is marked 13, so each type has this prefix, e.g. 13-A1.
Type | Description |
---|---|
Type A | Extraarticular fractures:
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Type B | Partial articular fractures:
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Calculating doubling time of focal lesions or massess can give a hint, whether it has a malignant or rather benign growth dynamics. Doubling time of malignant lesions is between 30 and 500 days with a median of 100 days.
Crowe et al. classified adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) into four grades according to the extent of underlying subluxation on AP x-ray of the pelvis.
Crowe grade | Dislocation | Description |
---|---|---|
Grade 1 | <50% subluxation | femur and acetabulum show minimal abnormal development |
Grade 2 | 50 - 70% subluxation |