Germinal matrix hemorrhage - grading of intracranial bleeding in neonates
Grading of intracranial hemorrhage in neonates is based on ultrasound imaging. It has four grades with increasing mortality and decreasing outcome.
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| Grade I | hemorrhage is confined to the germinal matrix |
| Grade II | intraventricular hemorrhage without ventricular dilation |
| Grade III | intraventricular hemorrhage with ventricular dilation |
| Grade IV | intraventricular rupture and hemorrhage into the surrounding white matter |
References:
1. Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants withbirth weight less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr 1978;92:529-34
2. Enzmann D, Murphy-Irwin K, Stevenson D, Ariagno R, Barton J, Sunshine P. The Natural History of Subependymal Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. American Journal of Perinatology. 2008 Mar 4;2(02):123–33.
3. Mack L, Wright K, Hirsch J, Alvord E, Guthrie R, Shuman W, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants: accuracy in sonographic evaluation. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1981 Aug;137(2):245–50.