Three types of fracture of the base of the first metacapal bone (thumb) are distinguished by eponyms.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Winterstein | oblique extraarticular fracture of the base |
| Bennett | oblique intraarticular fracture of the base with dislocation of the peripheral fragment due to lateral traction of the shaft by abductor pollicis longus |
| Rolando |
The Gehweiler classification divides fractures of the first cervical vertebra into five types. Type III is also refered to as Jefferson fracture. The classical Jefferson fracture is a four part fracture, where both the anterior and the posterior arch is fractured twice, but fractures with two or three fracture parts may also occur.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Type I | fracture of the anterior arch |
| Type II | fracture of the posterior arch |
Letournel and Judet classification of acetabular fracture is a modification of the original 1964 Judet classification. It divides acetabular fractures into 5 simple patterns and 5 complex patterns. Complex fractures are more common and are composed of ≥2 simple fracture patterns.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Simple patterns | |
| Type A | posterior wall fractures |
| Type B | posterior column fractures |
Harris and Coupe classification was published in 2004. It is based on axial CT images of pelvis and has four basic types. Type II has four subtypes.
| Types | Description |
|---|---|
| Type 0 | Wall fracture - limited to the posterior and posterosuperior or anterior wall component of the columns |
| Type I | Single column fracture - limited to only anterior or posterior column, may extend superiorly or inferiorly from the acetabulum |
The Anderson and Montesano classification was published in 1988. It divides occipital condylar fractures into three types according to their morphology and mechanisms of injury.
| Type | Description | Mechanism | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type I | comminuted fracture without or with minimal displacement of fragments | axial load |
Epiphyseal fractures are fractures that involve the epiphyseal growth plate in children and teenagers. Classificaton by Salter and Harris that was published in 1963 divides them into five types. It is a modification of previous classifications by Poland (1898) and Aitken (1936). Later, several other rare types of epiphyseal fractures were appended by other authors. Epiphyseal fractures may result in growth disturbances. A mnemonic "SALTR" can aid in memorizing the types for the purporses of examination.
| S-H Type | Description |
|---|
Crowe et al. classified adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) into four grades according to the extent of underlying subluxation on AP x-ray of the pelvis.
| Crowe grade | Dislocation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Grade 1 | <50% subluxation | femur and acetabulum show minimal abnormal development |
| Grade 2 | 50 - 70% subluxation |
The Pfirrmann classification was developed in 2001 and was based on previous systems. It was validated on 60 MRI examinations of the lumbar spine assessed by three independent observers. The imaging protocol included sagittal T1 weighted spin-echo, T2 weighted fast spin echo (FSE) in sagittal and axial plane.
| Grade | Structure | Distinction of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus | Signal intensity on T2 weighted images | Height of intervertebral disc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade I |
In 2007, Watanabe et al. published grading of degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc by MRI. It is based on T2 weighted axial sections.
| Grade | T2 signal intensity (SI) of nucleus pulposus | T2 signal intensity (SI) of anulus fibrosus | Distinction of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade I |
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Brooker classification divides heterotopic ossifications that form following total hip replacement to four classes. It was published in 1973 by Brooker et al.
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Class I | islands of bone within soft tissues around hip |
| Class II | bone spurs in pelvis or proximal end of femur leaving ≥1 cm between the opposing bone surfaces |
| Class III |